Alternative Test Models: Toxicity Testing Takes Stock

Alternative models for toxicity testing of xenobiotics.

The alternatives to whole-animal testing include endpoint assays, cell and tissue cultures, use of tissue slices, toxicokinetic modelling, and structure-activity relationships and databases. The use of in vitro systems (subcellular fractions, cell lines, primary cell cultures, tissue slices, organ cultures, etc.) as research tools in toxicology is widespread. In the past few years, the apoptosi...

3R Principle and Alternative Toxicity Testing Methods

Toxicity tests are essential for evaluating the safety or hazards of several substances. Many of the current toxicity testing methods include the use of animals, especially rodents. However, in the last three decades, there has been an inclination towards using less animals and performing alternative methods that reduce, refine and replace animal use (3R principle). The viewpoint of “reduction”...

Testing spatial heterogeneity with stock assessment models

This paper describes a methodology that combines meta-population theory and stock assessment models to gain insights about spatial heterogeneity of the meta-population in an operational time frame. The methodology was tested with stochastic simulations for different degrees of connectivity between sub-populations and applied to two case studies, North Sea cod (Gadus morua) and Northeast Atlanti...

Toxicity tests in animals: alternative models.

The assessment of chromosomal mutations in children may provide information about aetiology and risk of second malignancies. A somatic cell mutation assay which determines variant erythrocytes lacking expression of an allelic form of the sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A, was applied to samples from children before and after receiving potentially genotoxic therapy. Fifty-six children who had rec...

Toxicity Testing and the Toxicity Testing and the Current Situation in IRAN